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Atmospheric chemistry and physics : from air pollution to climate change / John H. Seinfeld, Spyros N. Pandis.

By: Contributor(s): Publisher: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016]Copyright date: 2016Edition: Third editionDescription: xxvi, 1120 pages : illustrations ; 29 cmContent type:
  • text
Media type:
  • unmediated
Carrier type:
  • volume
ISBN:
  • 9781118947401
  • 1118947401
Subject(s): Additional physical formats: Online version:: Atmospheric chemistry and physics.DDC classification:
  • 551.51/1 23
LOC classification:
  • QC879.6 .S45 2016
Contents:
Ch. 1 The Atmosphere -- 1.1.History and Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.2.Climate -- 1.3.Layers of the Atmosphere -- 1.4.Pressure in the Atmosphere -- 1.5.Temperature in the Atmosphere -- 1.6.Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere -- 1.7.Airborne Particles -- 1.8.Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes -- Problems -- References Ch. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents -- 2.1.Atmospheric Lifetime -- 2.2.Sulfur-Containing Compounds -- 2.3.Nitrogen-Containing Compounds -- 2.4.Carbon-Containing Compounds -- 2.5.Halogen-Containing Compounds -- 2.6.Atmospheric Ozone -- 2.7.Particulate Matter (Aerosols) -- 2.8.Mercury -- 2.9.Emission Inventories -- Appendix 2.1 US Air Pollution Legislation -- Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics) -- Problems -- References Ch. 3 Chemical Kinetics -- 3.1.Order of Reaction -- 3.2.Theories of Chemical Kinetics -- 3.3.The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation -- 3.4.Reactions of Excited Species -- 3.5.Termolecular Reactions -- 3.6.Chemical Families -- 3.7.Gas-Surface Reactions -- Problems -- References Ch. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry -- 4.1.Radiation -- 4.2.Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere -- 4.3.Beer- Lambert Law and Optical Depth -- 4.4.Actinic Flux -- 4.5.Atmospheric Photochemistry -- 4.6.Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases -- 4.7.Absorption by O2 and O3 -- 4.8.Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude -- 4.9.Photodissociation of o3 to Produce O and O(1D) -- 4.10.Photodissociation of NO2 -- Problems -- References Ch. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere -- 5.1.Chapman Mechanism -- 5.2.Nitrogen Oxide Cycles -- 5.3.HOx Cycles -- 5.4.Halogen Cycles -- 5.5.Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles -- 5.6.Ozone Hole -- 5.7.Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry -- 5.8.Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 5.9.Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere -- 5.10.Ozone Depletion Potential -- Problems -- References Ch. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere -- 6.1.Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere -- 6.2.Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3 -- 6.3.Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide -- 6.4.Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane -- 6.5.The NOx and NOy Families -- 6.6.Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and the Role of NOx -- 6.7.Troposphere Reservoir Molecules -- 6.8.Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation -- 6.9Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry -- 6.10.Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere -- 6.11.Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons -- 6.12.Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds -- 6.13.Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds -- 6.14.Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds -- 6.15.Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury -- Appendix 6 Organic Functional Groups -- Problems -- References Ch. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase -- 7.1.Liquid Water in the Atmosphere -- 7.2.Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law -- 7.3.Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria -- 7.4.Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates -- 7.5.S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry -- 7.6.Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions -- Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data -- Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry -- Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry -- Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry -- Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry -- Problems -- References Ch. 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol -- 8.1.The Size Distribution Function -- 8.2.Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions -- 8.3.Aerosol Chemical Composition -- 8.4.Spatiotemporal Variation -- Problems -- References Ch. 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles -- 9.1.Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: the Mean Free Path -- 9.2.The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law -- 9.3.Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle -- 9.4.Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field -- 9.5.Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles -- 9.6.Aerosol and Fluid Motion -- 9.7.Equivalent Particle Diameters -- Problems -- References Ch. 10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols -- 10.1.Thermodynamic Principles -- 10.2.Aerosol Liquid Water Content -- 10.3.Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface: the Kelvin Effect -- 10.4.Thermodynamics of Atmospheric Aerosol Systems -- 10.5. Aerosol Thermodynamic Models -- Problems -- References Ch. 11 Nucleation -- 11.1.Classical Theory of Homogenous Nucleation: Kinetic Approach -- 11.2.Classical Homogenous Nucleation Theory: Constrained Equilibrium -- 11.3.Recapitulation of Classical Theory -- 11.4.Experimental Measurement of Nucleation Rates -- 11.5.Modifications of the Classical Theory and More Rigorous Approaches -- 11.6 Binary Homogenous Nucleation -- 11.7.Binary Nucleation in the H2SO4-H2O System -- 11.8.Nucleation on an Insoluble Foreign Surface -- 11.9.Ion-Induced Nucleation -- 11.10.Atmospheric New-Particle Formation -- Appendix 11 The Law of Mass Action -- Problems -- References Ch. 12 Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry -- 12.1.Mass and Heat Transfer to Atmospheric Particles -- 12.2.Mass Transport Limitations in Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- 12.3.Mass Transport and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- 12.4.Mass Transfer to Falling Drops -- 12.5.Characteristic Time for Atmospheric Aerosol Equilibrium -- Appendix 12 Solution of the Transient Gas-Phase Diffusion Problem: Equations (12.4)-(12.7) -- Problems -- References Ch. 13 Dynamics of Aerosol Populations -- 13.1.Mathematical Representations of Aerosol Size Distributions -- 13.2.Condensation -- 13.3.Coagulation -- 13.4.The Discrete General Dynamic Equation -- 13.5.The Continuous General Dynamic Equation -- Appendix 13.1 Additional Mechanisms of Coagulation -- Appendix 13.2 Solution of (13.73) -- Problems -- References Ch. 14 Atmospheric Organic Aerosols -- 14.1.Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.2.Volatility of Organic Compounds -- 14.3.Idealized Description of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.4.Gas-Particle Partitioning -- 14.5.Models of SOA Formation and Evolution -- 14.6.Primary Organic Aerosol -- 14.7.The Physical State of Organic Aerosols -- 14.8.SOA Particle-Phase Chemistry -- 14.9.Aqueous-Phase Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.10.Estimates of the Global Budget of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol -- Problems -- References Ch. 15 Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation -- 15.1.Scattering and Absorption of Light by Small Particles -- 15.2.Visibility -- 15.3.Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction Coefficients From Mie Theory -- 15.4.Calculated Visibility Reduction Based on Atmospheric Data -- Appendix 15 Calculation of Scattering and Extinction Coefficients by Mie Theory -- Problems -- References Ch. 16 Physical and Dynamic Meteorology -- 16.1.Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere -- 16.2.Atmospheric Stability -- 16.3.The Moist Atmosphere -- 16.4.Basic Conservation Equations for the Atmospheric Surface Layer -- 16.5.Variation of Wind with Height in the Atmosphere -- Appendix 16.1 Properties of Water and Water Solutions -- Appendix 16.2 Derivation of the Basic Equations of Surface-Layer Atmospheric Fluid Mechanics -- Problems -- References Ch. 17 Cloud Physics -- 17.1.Equilibrium of Water Droplets in the Atmosphere -- 17.2.Cloud and Fog Formation -- 17.3.Growth Rate of Individual Cloud Droplets -- 17.4.Growth of a Droplet Population -- 17.5.Cloud Condensation Nuclei -- 17.6.Cloud Processing of Aerosols -- 17.7.Other Forms of Water in the Atmosphere -- Appendix 17 Extended Kohler Theory -- Problems -- References Ch. 18 Atmospheric Diffusion -- 18.1.Eulerian Approach -- 18.2.Lagrangian Approach -- 18.3.Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches -- 18.4.Equations Governing the Mean Concentration of Species in Turbulence Ch. 19 Dry Deposition -- 19.1.Deposition Velocity -- 19.2.Resistance Model for Dry Deposition -- 19.3.Aerodynamic Resistance -- 19.4.Quasilaminar Resistance -- 19.5.Surface Resistance -- 19.6.Measurement of Dry Deposition -- 19.7.Some Comments on Modeling and Measurement of Dry Deposition -- Problems -- References Ch. 20 Wet Deposition -- 20.1.General Representation of Atmospheric Wet Removal Processes -- 20.2.Below-Cloud Scavenging of Gases -- 20.3.Precipitation Scavenging of Particles -- 20.4.In-Cloud Scavenging -- 20.5.Acid Deposition -- 20.6.Acid Deposition Process Synthesis -- Problems -- References Ch. 21 General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 21.1.Hadley Cell -- 21.2.Ferrell Cell and Polar Cell -- 21.3.Coriolis Force -- 21.4.Geostrophic Windspeed -- 21.5.The Thermal Wind Relation -- 21.6.Stratospheric Dynamics -- 21.7.The Hydrologic Cycle -- Problems -- References Ch. 22 Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon -- 22.1.The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle -- 22.2.The Global Carbon Cycle -- 22.3.Solution for a Steady-State Four-Compartment Model of the Atmosphere -- Problems -- References Ch. 23 Global Climate -- 23.1.Earth's Energy Balance -- 23.2.Radiative Forcing -- 23.3.The Greenhouse Effect -- 23.4.Climate-Forcing Agents -- 23.5.Cosmic Rays and Climate -- 23.6.Climate Sensitivity -- 23.7.Simplified Dynamic Description of Climate Forcing and Response -- 23.8.Climate Feedbacks -- 23.9.Relative Radiative Forcing Indices -- 23.10.Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change -- 23.11.Conclusion -- Problems -- References Ch. 24 Aerosols and Climate -- 24.1.Scattering-Absorbing Model of an Aerosol Layer -- 24.2.Cooling Versus Heating of an Aerosol Layer -- 24.3.Scattering Model of an Aerosol Layer for a Nonabsorbing Aerosol -- 24.4.Upscatter Fraction -- 24.5.Optical Depth and Column Forcing -- 24.6.Internal and External Mixtures -- 24.7.Top-of-the-Atmosphere Versus Surface Forcing -- 24.8.Indirect Effects of Aerosols on Climate -- Problems -- References Ch. 25 Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models -- 25.1.Introduction -- 25.2.Box Models -- 25.3.Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models -- 25.4.One-Dimensional Lagrangian Models -- 25.5.Other Forms of Chemical Transport Models -- 25.6.Numerical Solution of Chemical Transport Models -- 25.7.Model Evaluation -- 25.8.Response of Organic and Inorganic Aerosols to Changes in Emission -- Problems -- References Ch. 26 Statistical Models -- 26.1.Receptor Modeling Methods -- 26.2.Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) -- 26.3.Factor Analysis -- 26.4.Methods Incorporating Wind Information -- 26.5.Probability Distributions for Air Pollutant Concentrations -- 26.6.Estimation of Parameters in the Distributions -- 26.7.Order Statistics of Air Quality Data -- 26.8.Exceedances of Critical Levels -- 26.9.Alternative Forms of Air Quality Standards -- 26.10.Relating Current and Future Air Pollutant Statistical Distributions -- Problems -- References Appendix A Units and Physical Constants -- Appendix B Rate Constants of Atmospheric Chemical Reactions -- Appendix C Abbreviations.
Awards:
  • ASLI Choice Award
Summary: A detailed account of the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere - for graduate students, professionals and libraries involved in environmental, civil and chemical engineering projects and studies.
Holdings
Item type Current library Call number Copy number Status Date due Barcode Item holds
BOOK BOOK NCAR Library Foothills Lab QC879.6 .S45 2016 1 Checked out 07/01/2024 50583020010975
Total holds: 0

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Ch. 1 The Atmosphere -- 1.1.History and Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.2.Climate -- 1.3.Layers of the Atmosphere -- 1.4.Pressure in the Atmosphere -- 1.5.Temperature in the Atmosphere -- 1.6.Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere -- 1.7.Airborne Particles -- 1.8.Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes -- Problems -- References Ch. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents -- 2.1.Atmospheric Lifetime -- 2.2.Sulfur-Containing Compounds -- 2.3.Nitrogen-Containing Compounds -- 2.4.Carbon-Containing Compounds -- 2.5.Halogen-Containing Compounds -- 2.6.Atmospheric Ozone -- 2.7.Particulate Matter (Aerosols) -- 2.8.Mercury -- 2.9.Emission Inventories -- Appendix 2.1 US Air Pollution Legislation -- Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics) -- Problems -- References Ch. 3 Chemical Kinetics -- 3.1.Order of Reaction -- 3.2.Theories of Chemical Kinetics -- 3.3.The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation -- 3.4.Reactions of Excited Species -- 3.5.Termolecular Reactions -- 3.6.Chemical Families -- 3.7.Gas-Surface Reactions -- Problems -- References Ch. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry -- 4.1.Radiation -- 4.2.Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere -- 4.3.Beer- Lambert Law and Optical Depth -- 4.4.Actinic Flux -- 4.5.Atmospheric Photochemistry -- 4.6.Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases -- 4.7.Absorption by O2 and O3 -- 4.8.Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude -- 4.9.Photodissociation of o3 to Produce O and O(1D) -- 4.10.Photodissociation of NO2 -- Problems -- References Ch. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere -- 5.1.Chapman Mechanism -- 5.2.Nitrogen Oxide Cycles -- 5.3.HOx Cycles -- 5.4.Halogen Cycles -- 5.5.Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles -- 5.6.Ozone Hole -- 5.7.Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry -- 5.8.Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 5.9.Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere -- 5.10.Ozone Depletion Potential -- Problems -- References Ch. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere -- 6.1.Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere -- 6.2.Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3 -- 6.3.Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide -- 6.4.Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane -- 6.5.The NOx and NOy Families -- 6.6.Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and the Role of NOx -- 6.7.Troposphere Reservoir Molecules -- 6.8.Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation -- 6.9Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry -- 6.10.Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere -- 6.11.Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons -- 6.12.Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds -- 6.13.Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds -- 6.14.Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds -- 6.15.Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury -- Appendix 6 Organic Functional Groups -- Problems -- References Ch. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase -- 7.1.Liquid Water in the Atmosphere -- 7.2.Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law -- 7.3.Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria -- 7.4.Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates -- 7.5.S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry -- 7.6.Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions -- Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data -- Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry -- Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry -- Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry -- Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry -- Problems -- References Ch. 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol -- 8.1.The Size Distribution Function -- 8.2.Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions -- 8.3.Aerosol Chemical Composition -- 8.4.Spatiotemporal Variation -- Problems -- References Ch. 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles -- 9.1.Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: the Mean Free Path -- 9.2.The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law -- 9.3.Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle -- 9.4.Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field -- 9.5.Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles -- 9.6.Aerosol and Fluid Motion -- 9.7.Equivalent Particle Diameters -- Problems -- References Ch. 10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols -- 10.1.Thermodynamic Principles -- 10.2.Aerosol Liquid Water Content -- 10.3.Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface: the Kelvin Effect -- 10.4.Thermodynamics of Atmospheric Aerosol Systems -- 10.5. Aerosol Thermodynamic Models -- Problems -- References Ch. 11 Nucleation -- 11.1.Classical Theory of Homogenous Nucleation: Kinetic Approach -- 11.2.Classical Homogenous Nucleation Theory: Constrained Equilibrium -- 11.3.Recapitulation of Classical Theory -- 11.4.Experimental Measurement of Nucleation Rates -- 11.5.Modifications of the Classical Theory and More Rigorous Approaches -- 11.6 Binary Homogenous Nucleation -- 11.7.Binary Nucleation in the H2SO4-H2O System -- 11.8.Nucleation on an Insoluble Foreign Surface -- 11.9.Ion-Induced Nucleation -- 11.10.Atmospheric New-Particle Formation -- Appendix 11 The Law of Mass Action -- Problems -- References Ch. 12 Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry -- 12.1.Mass and Heat Transfer to Atmospheric Particles -- 12.2.Mass Transport Limitations in Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- 12.3.Mass Transport and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- 12.4.Mass Transfer to Falling Drops -- 12.5.Characteristic Time for Atmospheric Aerosol Equilibrium -- Appendix 12 Solution of the Transient Gas-Phase Diffusion Problem: Equations (12.4)-(12.7) -- Problems -- References Ch. 13 Dynamics of Aerosol Populations -- 13.1.Mathematical Representations of Aerosol Size Distributions -- 13.2.Condensation -- 13.3.Coagulation -- 13.4.The Discrete General Dynamic Equation -- 13.5.The Continuous General Dynamic Equation -- Appendix 13.1 Additional Mechanisms of Coagulation -- Appendix 13.2 Solution of (13.73) -- Problems -- References Ch. 14 Atmospheric Organic Aerosols -- 14.1.Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.2.Volatility of Organic Compounds -- 14.3.Idealized Description of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.4.Gas-Particle Partitioning -- 14.5.Models of SOA Formation and Evolution -- 14.6.Primary Organic Aerosol -- 14.7.The Physical State of Organic Aerosols -- 14.8.SOA Particle-Phase Chemistry -- 14.9.Aqueous-Phase Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation -- 14.10.Estimates of the Global Budget of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol -- Problems -- References Ch. 15 Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation -- 15.1.Scattering and Absorption of Light by Small Particles -- 15.2.Visibility -- 15.3.Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction Coefficients From Mie Theory -- 15.4.Calculated Visibility Reduction Based on Atmospheric Data -- Appendix 15 Calculation of Scattering and Extinction Coefficients by Mie Theory -- Problems -- References Ch. 16 Physical and Dynamic Meteorology -- 16.1.Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere -- 16.2.Atmospheric Stability -- 16.3.The Moist Atmosphere -- 16.4.Basic Conservation Equations for the Atmospheric Surface Layer -- 16.5.Variation of Wind with Height in the Atmosphere -- Appendix 16.1 Properties of Water and Water Solutions -- Appendix 16.2 Derivation of the Basic Equations of Surface-Layer Atmospheric Fluid Mechanics -- Problems -- References Ch. 17 Cloud Physics -- 17.1.Equilibrium of Water Droplets in the Atmosphere -- 17.2.Cloud and Fog Formation -- 17.3.Growth Rate of Individual Cloud Droplets -- 17.4.Growth of a Droplet Population -- 17.5.Cloud Condensation Nuclei -- 17.6.Cloud Processing of Aerosols -- 17.7.Other Forms of Water in the Atmosphere -- Appendix 17 Extended Kohler Theory -- Problems -- References Ch. 18 Atmospheric Diffusion -- 18.1.Eulerian Approach -- 18.2.Lagrangian Approach -- 18.3.Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches -- 18.4.Equations Governing the Mean Concentration of Species in Turbulence Ch. 19 Dry Deposition -- 19.1.Deposition Velocity -- 19.2.Resistance Model for Dry Deposition -- 19.3.Aerodynamic Resistance -- 19.4.Quasilaminar Resistance -- 19.5.Surface Resistance -- 19.6.Measurement of Dry Deposition -- 19.7.Some Comments on Modeling and Measurement of Dry Deposition -- Problems -- References Ch. 20 Wet Deposition -- 20.1.General Representation of Atmospheric Wet Removal Processes -- 20.2.Below-Cloud Scavenging of Gases -- 20.3.Precipitation Scavenging of Particles -- 20.4.In-Cloud Scavenging -- 20.5.Acid Deposition -- 20.6.Acid Deposition Process Synthesis -- Problems -- References Ch. 21 General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 21.1.Hadley Cell -- 21.2.Ferrell Cell and Polar Cell -- 21.3.Coriolis Force -- 21.4.Geostrophic Windspeed -- 21.5.The Thermal Wind Relation -- 21.6.Stratospheric Dynamics -- 21.7.The Hydrologic Cycle -- Problems -- References Ch. 22 Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon -- 22.1.The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle -- 22.2.The Global Carbon Cycle -- 22.3.Solution for a Steady-State Four-Compartment Model of the Atmosphere -- Problems -- References Ch. 23 Global Climate -- 23.1.Earth's Energy Balance -- 23.2.Radiative Forcing -- 23.3.The Greenhouse Effect -- 23.4.Climate-Forcing Agents -- 23.5.Cosmic Rays and Climate -- 23.6.Climate Sensitivity -- 23.7.Simplified Dynamic Description of Climate Forcing and Response -- 23.8.Climate Feedbacks -- 23.9.Relative Radiative Forcing Indices -- 23.10.Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change -- 23.11.Conclusion -- Problems -- References Ch. 24 Aerosols and Climate -- 24.1.Scattering-Absorbing Model of an Aerosol Layer -- 24.2.Cooling Versus Heating of an Aerosol Layer -- 24.3.Scattering Model of an Aerosol Layer for a Nonabsorbing Aerosol -- 24.4.Upscatter Fraction -- 24.5.Optical Depth and Column Forcing -- 24.6.Internal and External Mixtures -- 24.7.Top-of-the-Atmosphere Versus Surface Forcing -- 24.8.Indirect Effects of Aerosols on Climate -- Problems -- References Ch. 25 Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models -- 25.1.Introduction -- 25.2.Box Models -- 25.3.Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models -- 25.4.One-Dimensional Lagrangian Models -- 25.5.Other Forms of Chemical Transport Models -- 25.6.Numerical Solution of Chemical Transport Models -- 25.7.Model Evaluation -- 25.8.Response of Organic and Inorganic Aerosols to Changes in Emission -- Problems -- References Ch. 26 Statistical Models -- 26.1.Receptor Modeling Methods -- 26.2.Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) -- 26.3.Factor Analysis -- 26.4.Methods Incorporating Wind Information -- 26.5.Probability Distributions for Air Pollutant Concentrations -- 26.6.Estimation of Parameters in the Distributions -- 26.7.Order Statistics of Air Quality Data -- 26.8.Exceedances of Critical Levels -- 26.9.Alternative Forms of Air Quality Standards -- 26.10.Relating Current and Future Air Pollutant Statistical Distributions -- Problems -- References Appendix A Units and Physical Constants -- Appendix B Rate Constants of Atmospheric Chemical Reactions -- Appendix C Abbreviations.

A detailed account of the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere - for graduate students, professionals and libraries involved in environmental, civil and chemical engineering projects and studies.

ASLI Choice Award

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